Optical vector analysis has emerged as a critical tool for characterising optical devices, enabling simultaneous measurement of amplitude and phase responses over wide bandwidths. This technique is ...

Digital or vector modulation can provide increased spectral efficiency, higher data security, and higher quality communications. This comes at a cost of increased system complexity and a resultant ...

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THE term “vector” is used to include two distinct classes of geometrical and physical entities. A polar vector, typified by a displacement or a mechanical force, is a magnitude associated with a ...