Some operational amplifiers (op amps) have an inductive open-loop output impedance, which can be more complex to stabilize than op amps with resistive output impedances. One of the most common ...

How Stable is your Op Amp or FDA design? One of the most important aspects of any end system design is to understand and improve (if necessary) the nominal phase margin for each stage. Since the early ...

Switching power supplies rely on feedback control loops to ensure that the required voltage and current are maintained under varying load conditions. Design of the feedback control loop influences ...

Many articles and application notes describe the extraction of phase margin, using a non-invasive technique that extracts the phase margin from an output impedance measurement. The term non-invasive ...

This “Product How-To” article focuses how to use a certain product in an embedded system and is written by a company representative. Audio amplifier products are becoming more and more advanced in ...

The two most common categories of process responses in industrial manufacturing processes are self-regulating and integrating. A self-regulating process response to a step input change is ...

Spare a moment’s pity for the process engineer, whose job it is to keep industrial automation running no matter what. These poor souls seem to be forever on call, fielding panicked requests to come to ...

Here’s a question for you: when your PCB has a ground plane layer, where do return signals flow? It seems like a trick question, but as [Kristof Mulier] explains, there’s more to return path routing ...